2008), Tralleis (Baykan and Tanrıöver 2006) are other, somewhat shorter multiple water conveyance systems in Anatolia. The water conveyance systems to Perge (Büyükyıldırım 1994), Hierapolis (D.S.İ. The respectively longest systems display lengths of 65 km at Pergamon, 30 km at Smyrna, 42 km at Ephesus. 2012 Kreiner 2013) make these cities, besides Rome, Lyon and few others, among the most interesting examples of multiple urban water supply schemes in the antique world. The multiple water conveyance systems to Pergamon (Bergama) (Fahlbusch 1987b Garbrecht 1987b), to Smyrna (İzmir) (Weber 1899 Öziş et al. The water conveyance to Phoceia (Foça) with 100 km length ranks among the longest roman conveyance systems (Öziş 1996 D.S.İ. 4) aqueducts, were later used by several ottoman water conveyance systems, among others the Süleymaniye water conveyance by the great Sinan in 16th century. Two aqueducts of this system, Mazul and the almost 1 km long Valens (Bozdoğan) (Fig. The 242 km long water conveyance system along the south-western slopes of the Istranca mountains in Thrace to İstanbul, constructed for the new capital of the late Roman Empire in 4th century AD, was by far the longest water conveyance system of ancient times (Çeçen 1996). These systems include spring-water collection chambers lead-, stone-, clay-pipes of various sizes rock-cut and masonry canals tunnels of over 2 m height inverted siphons under up to 190 m pressure with lead-, to 155 m pressure with stone-pipes aqueducts of up to 40 m height. The long-distance water conveyances in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey are very numerous and new discoveries add to the rich variety of them (Fahlbusch 1987a Büyükyıldırım 1994 Öziş 1996 Wiplinger 2006a, 2013a, b Tanrıöver et al. Those from the roman and early byzantine periods are of special importance. Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine long-distance water supply schemes in Western and Southern Turkey date back to the second half of the I st Millenium BC and the first half of the I st Millenium AD. 2012) several of them were dealt with more detail in other international specific publications, as cited in subsequent sections. Some of them were given as interesting examples in relevant international books (Garbrecht 1985, 1987a, 1991a, 1995 Fahlbusch 1987a Tölle-Kastenbein 1990 Hodge 1992 Grewe 1998, 2010 Viollet 2000 Crouch 2004 Wiplinger 2006a, 2013a, b, 2014 Nikolic 2008 Mays 2010 I.W.A. These historical hydraulic works make Turkey one of the foremost open-air museums of the world in this respect. They date back to the IInd Millenium BC, the Hittite period in Central Anatolia to the first half of the Ist Millenium BC, the Urartu period in Eastern Anatolia to the second half of the Ist Millenium BC and the Ist Millenium AD, the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods in Western and Southern Anatolia to 11th to 14th centuries, the Seljukide period in Central and Eastern Anatolia to 14th to early 20th centuries, the Ottoman period in Turkey (Öziş 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2006 Bildirici 1994, 2004 D.S.İ. The South-eastern Anatolia Project, encompassing the Euphrates-Tigris basin in Turkey, is the most interesting example. Based on this tradition from four millenia, the modern Republic of Turkey, founded in 1923, is continuing to develop her water resources. Several dams, irrigation canals, long distance water conveyance systems date back to the 14th to early 20th centuries, the Ottoman period in Turkey. Some dams, canals, watermills date back to the 11th to 14th centuries, the Seljukide period in Central and Eastern Anatolia. Long-distance water conveyance systems, pipes, masonry canals, inverted siphons, tunnels, dams date back to the second half of the I st millenium BC and the I st millenium AD, the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods in Western and Southern Anatolia. Several dams, irrigation canals, qanats date back to the first half of the I st millenium BC, the Urartu period in Eastern Anatolia. There are remains of dams, irrigation canals, and water collection structures dating back to the II nd millenium BC, the Hittite period in Central Anatolia. Some of them are still in operation after several centuries or even several millennia. Turkey is one of the foremost open-air museums of the world with regard to historical water works from the last 4000 years.
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